Uremic Solutes Database
Solute Details for Indoxyl sulfate (total)
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Base data
Name Indoxyl sulfate (total)
Molecular weight 212
Group Indole
Class Protein-bound [4]
Added 16.09.2009
Reference Pubmed: 12675874
Submitted by Vanholder
Reviewed by Abou Deif

Normal concentrations (CN)
DateMean (+/-SD) (low Range - high Range)nReferenceSubmitted byReviewed byNotes
16.08.19940.60 (+/-5.40) mg/L40Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic...VanholderAbou Deif
03.03.20030.60 (+/-0.10) mg/L5Effects of the oral adsorbent AST-120...Abou DeifArgiles
09.01.20110.60 (+/-0.20) mg/L7Colonic contribution to uremic solutes.Abou DeifArgiles
08.03.20110.40 (+/-0.30) mg/L21Levels of circulating endothelial pro...Abou DeifArgiles
Grand mean0.54 (+/-4.00) (0.40-0.60) mg/L73
ANOVAF(3,69) = 0.01, p=1.00: No significant differences between group means.
DispersionL:0.40, M:0.54, H:0.60 : A - (Minimal scatter: High consistency.)

Uremic concentrations (CU)
DateMean (+/-SD) (low Range - high Range)nReferenceSubmitted byReviewed byNotes
16.08.199453.00 (+/-91.50) mg/L20Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic...VanholderAbou Deif
03.03.200317.90 (+/-10.10) mg/L5Effects of the oral adsorbent AST-120...Abou DeifArgiles
03.12.200328.00 (+/-14.20) mg/L10Studies on dialysate mixing in the Ge...Abou DeifArgiles
05.11.200638.71 (+/-16.73) mg/L111The importance of residual renal func...Abou DeifArgiles
07.02.200726.00 (+/-8.00) mg/L11Effect of the super-flux cellulose tr...Abou DeifArgiles
02.11.201037.60 (+/-16.50) mg/L47Association between indoxyl sulfate a...Abou DeifArgiles
12.11.201022.10 (+/-7.90) mg/L8Protein-bound uraemic toxin removal i...Abou DeifArgiles
09.01.201128.00 (+/-13.00) mg/L9Colonic contribution to uremic solutes.Abou DeifArgiles
07.02.201144.48 (+/-15.28) mg/L71Factors associated with blood concent...Abou DeifArgiles
08.03.201129.60 (+/-14.90) mg/L38Levels of circulating endothelial pro...Abou DeifArgiles
02.11.20124.63 (0.23-53.58) mg/L5p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphat...Abou DeifArgiles[16]
02.11.201226.50 (6.90-52.40) mg/L9Effects of synbiotic treatment on ser...Abou DeifArgiles[16]
Grand mean37.07 (+/-26.50) (0.23-53.58) mg/L344
ANOVAF(9,320) = 2.42, p=0.01: Significant differences between group means.
DispersionL:0.23, M:37.07, H:53.58 : C - (Wide scatter: High uncertainty.)

Relative increase (CU/CN) 68.34 times higher than the average normal concentration.

Pathological associations
DateCategoryReferenceComment
02.04.2007CardiovascularIndoxyl sulfate and atherosclerotic r...Indoxyl sulfate may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
04.05.2012NephrologicUremic toxins induce kidney fibrosis ...Uremic toxins induce kidney fibrosis by activating intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
02.11.2012Nephrologicp-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphat...Indoxyl sulfate levels may help in predicting the risk of renal progression in patients having different stages of CKD.
21.04.2015CardiovascularContribution of microRNA to pathologi...Results suggest a clear role of IS in altering microRNA-21 and microRNA-29b in myocardial infarction heart, which leads to cardiac fibrosis.

Notes
4This protein-bound solute has a molecular weight conforming to middle molecules.
16Excluded from analysis of variance for missing arithmetic mean, standard deviation or sample count.